Global media coverage of the outbreak has highlighted a spike in the number of cases of the rare but frequently deadly bacterial infection, highlighting an apparent fatality rate of 30 per cent.
A health ministry official stressed that travellers concerned about contracting STSS need not cancel their plans to visit Japan, telling the Asahi newspaper that the frequent washing of hands, use of a face mask and keeping any open wounds clean should be sufficient to prevent infection.
From the start of the year to March 10, Japan’s National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID) recorded 474 STSS cases, compared with 941 in the whole of last year. The infection has also spread across the nation, with cases reported in 45 of Japan’s 47 prefectures, NIID said.
“There are still many unknown factors regarding the mechanisms behind fulminant [severe and sudden] forms of streptococcus, and we are not at the stage where we can explain them,” the institute said.
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A risk assessment issued by the NIID on March 29 identified STSS’ symptoms as including liver failure, renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, soft-tissue inflammation, rashes and effects on the central nervous system.
“It is becoming a serious problem, but there are still many things that we do not know,” said Kazuhiro Tateda, president of the Japan Association of Infectious Diseases and a member of the panel that advised the government during the Covid-19 pandemic.
“We know that it is a variant of the strain that was spreading in the UK, but we do not know how or when it came to Japan,” he told This Week in Asia.
Health experts understand STSS typically spreads in the same way as other bacteria, primarily through skin contact, but treatment is proving challenging, Tateda admitted.
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WHO presses China for details amid outbreak of respiratory illness among children
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Typically, older people or those with underlying health complaints are considered to be at greater risk of STSS, although this variant is causing more fatalities among people under the age of 50.
“The infection progresses so rapidly that it is sometimes difficult to respond quickly enough to save a patient’s life,” he said. “We need to be able to detect the bacteria early and for people to take better precautions.”
Health experts are recommending that anyone with symptoms, which often start with painful skin lesions or tonsillitis, seek medical advice immediately.
“It is not possible to say whether the outbreak is going to get worse, but we do need to be careful and try to monitor the number and spread of the cases,” Tateda said.