The US Supreme Court on Wednesday declined to halt Alabama from proceeding with the nation’s first execution using nitrogen gas to carry out the death penalty on convicted murderer Kenneth Smith, who survived a botched lethal injection in 2022 that helped prompt a review of the state’s death penalty procedures.
The justices denied Smith’s request to stay his execution, which is scheduled for Thursday, and declined to hear his legal challenge contending that a second execution attempt by Alabama – after the first failed attempt caused him severe trauma – would violate the US Constitution’s Eighth Amendment protections against cruel and unusual punishment.
No justice publicly dissented from the decision.
Alabama’s gassing method – called nitrogen hypoxia – was designed to deprive Smith of oxygen by placing a mask connected to a cylinder of nitrogen over his face.
A majority of the justices in 2022 cleared the way for the first attempted execution of Smith, who was sentenced to death for his role in a 1988 murder-for-hire plot. The nine-member Supreme Court’s three liberal justices dissented from that previous decision.
Smith’s botched execution was the third consecutive instance in which Alabama officials encountered problems or delays inserting intravenous lines for a scheduled lethal injection, with two of the executions, including Smith’s, eventually called off, according to court filings.
The problems prompted Alabama Governor Kay Ivey, a Republican, to announce a review of the state’s execution procedures. Officials completed the review a few months later, saying they obtained new equipment and would add to the pool of available medical personnel for executions.
Smith, 58, in May 2023 challenged Alabama’s plan for a second execution attempt, asserting in state court that it would violate the Eighth Amendment after the first attempt, according to his lawyers, caused him severe physical and psychological pain, including post-traumatic stress disorder.
Alabama to carry out first nitrogen gas execution. How will it work?
Alabama to carry out first nitrogen gas execution. How will it work?
State officials during that first execution attempt repeatedly tried but failed to place the necessary intravenous lines or a central line in his collarbone area before calling off the execution after 11pm. Smith’s lawyers have characterised the experience as torture and said that it “exposed him to the severe mental anguish of a mock execution”.
Lower courts in Alabama dismissed Smith’s challenge. Smith’s lawyers urged the US Supreme Court to intervene, calling Alabama’s nitrogen-gas protocol “recently released and untested”, and “a novel method of execution that has never been attempted by any state or the federal government”.
Alabama Republican Attorney General Steve Marshall in a filing called the method “perhaps the most humane method of execution ever devised”.
Smith is separately contesting Alabama’s nitrogen gas protocol in federal court. A federal judge ruled against him on January 10.
Ivey set Smith’s execution to take place within a 30-hour time frame beginning at 12am on Thursday and expiring at 6am the following day.
Smith was convicted in the 1988 killing of Elizabeth Sennett after he and an accomplice were hired by her husband Charles Sennett, a Christian minister who had taken out a large insurance policy on his wife, according to prosecutors. She was stabbed repeatedly and beaten with a blunt object.
Charles Sennett later committed suicide. Smith’s accomplice also was convicted and sentenced to death, with the execution carried out in 2010.
The UN human rights office on January 16 called on Alabama to halt the planned execution, saying it could amount to torture and violate American commitments under international law.
US states that still allow the death penalty have found it increasingly difficult to obtain barbiturates used in lethal-injection execution protocols, in part because of a European ban preventing pharmaceutical companies from selling drugs to be used in executions. Alabama, Mississippi and Oklahoma have introduced new gas-based protocols.